Section 7 consultation
The federal interagency review required when an action with federal involvement may affect a listed species or its critical habitat.
Informal consultation may resolve quickly; formal consultation produces a biological opinion and can take many months to years. The trigger is a federal nexus — a permit, funding or land — not the presence of the species alone.
Because a Clean Water Act Section 404 permit is itself a federal action, a wetland on a parcel can pull an otherwise private project into ESA consultation. The two constraints are entangled far more often than project schedules assume.
Where this shows up in the data
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